| Jill | Smith | 50 |
| Eve | Jackson | 94 |
| John | Doe | 80 |
| Action Research | see also Research design. |
| Action Research | A style of research in which the researchers work with the people and for the people, rather than undertake research on them. The focus of action research is on generating solutions to problems identified by the people who are going to use the results of research |
| Adenocarcinoma | A malignant tumor originating in glandular tissue. |
| Adjuvant therapy | Treatment that is given in addition to the primary treatment. For example, adjuvant therapy for cancer usually refers to surgery followed by chemo- or radiotherapy to help decrease the risk of the cancer coming back. |
| Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR): | In the pre-approval clinical experience with a new medicinal product or its new usages, particularly as the therapeutic dose(s) may not be established: all noxious and unintended responses to a medicinal product related to any dose should be considered adverse drug reactions. The phrase responses to a medicinal product means that a causal relationship between a medicinal product and an adverse event is at least a reasonable possibility, i.e. the relationship cannot be ruled out. Regarding marketed medicinal products, ADR is a response to a drug which is noxious and unintended and which occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of diseases or for modification of physiological function. (See also Serious Adverse Event (SAE) or Serious Adverse Drug Reaction (Serious ADR) |
| Adverse event (AE) | In the context of a clinical trial, any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An adverse event (AE) can therefore be any unfavourable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product, whether or not related to the medicinal (investigational) product. |
| Allopathic | Refers to conventional evidence-based medical practice in contrast to homeopathy, ayurveda and alternative therapies and interventions. |
| Analytic study | An epidemiological study to test the hypothesis that a factor is the cause of a health effect, for instance that the factor causes a disease or that it prevents a disease. The most common types of analytic studies are case-control, cohort and cross-sectional studies. Analytic studies are contrasted with descriptive studies, which do not test hypotheses. In addition to these types of studies, all of which are observational, analytic studies also encompass interventional studies. |
| Ancillary Care | "Ancillary Care is that which is not required to make a study scientifically valid, to ensure a trials safety, or to redress research injuries. Thus, stabilising patients to enrol them in a research protocol, monitoring drug interactions, or treating adverse reations to experimental drugs are not ancillary care. By contrast, following up on diagnosis found by protocol tests or treating ailents that are unrelated to the study's aims would be ancillary care." (from Belsky L., and Richardson HS Medical researchers' ancillary clinical care responsibilities BMJ. 2004 Jun 19;328(7454):1494-6.) |
| Anemia (Anaemia) | A condition in which the haemoglobin concentration in the blood is below a defined level, resulting in a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells. About half of all cases of anaemia can be attributed to iron deficiency; other common causes include infections, such as malaria and schistosomiasis, and genetic factors. The major health consequences include poor pregnancy outcome, impaired physical and cognitive development, increased risk of morbidity in children and reduced work productivity in adults. Pregnant women and children are particularly vulnerable. Anaemia contributes to 20% of all maternal deaths. |
| Anonymization | To make anonymous. Research records or biological samples from which all direct or indirect identifiers have been removed such that no link is possible between the records or samples and the identity of the person who was the source of the record or sample (CIOMS - http://www.cioms.ch/) |
| Anonymous | A record, biological sample or item of information that in no circumstance can be linked to an identified person. (CIOMS - http://www.cioms.ch/) |
| Antipsychotic drug | A drug used to treat psychosis, a group of mental disorders characterized by confusion, delusions and hallucinations. |
| Antiretroviral (ARV) | A group of medicines used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) suppresses or stops the HIV retrovirus that causes AIDS. |
| Arm | In a clinical trial, an ‘arm’ is an assigned group, for example a trial may include a placebo arm and an investigational intervention arm. Some types of trial design include more than two arms. Participants are usually randomly assigned to these groups. (http://globalhealthreviewers.tghn.org/resources/glossary/) |
| Arrhythmia | An irregularity in the force or rhythm of the heartbeat. It some cases it can cause cardiac arrest and sudden death. |
| Assent | A variation on consent wherein a person who does not possess full competence to give informed consent gives affirmative agreement to participate in research. For instance, a child or person with dementia should give assent before being enrolled in research. However, it is important to note that assent does not eliminate the need for obtaining the permission of a parent or other legally authorized decision-maker. |
| Audit | A systematic and independent examination of trial related activities and documents to determine whether the evaluated trial related activities were conducted, and the data were recorded, analysed and accurately reported according to the protocol, sponsor's standard operating procedures (SOPs), Good Clinical Practice (GCP), and the applicable regulatory requirement(s) (CIOMS - http://www.cioms.ch/). |
| Autonomy | Respecting a participant’s autonomy involves respecting their capacity to make decisions about research participation, either on an individual basis, or following discussion with others, such as family members. (http://globalhealthreviewers.tghn.org/resources/glossary/) |
| Ayurveda |
An ancient system of health care that is native to the Indian subcontinent. The word "Ayurveda" is a derived from the sanskrit words āyus meaning "life," "life principle," or "long life" and the word veda, which refers to a system of "knowledge." Ayurveda means 'the knowledge needed for long life'. According to the Ayurveda principles, health or sickness depends on the presence or absence of a balanced state of the total body matrix including the balance between its different constituents. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic factors can cause disturbance in the natural equilibrium giving rise to disease. This loss of equilibrium can happen by dietary indiscrimination, undesirable habits and non-observance of rules of healthy living. The treatment consists of restoring the balance of disturbed body-mind matrix through regulating diet, correcting life-routine and behaviour, administration of drugs and resorting to preventive therapy. From Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India. See indinmedicine.nic.in/ayurveda.asp |
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